Molecular dynamics simulations of LiCl association and NaCl association in water by means of ABEEM/MM

Constrained molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the LiCl and NaCl ionic association in water in terms of atom-bond electronegativity equalization method fused into molecular mechanics (ABEEM/MM). The simulations make use of the seven-site fluctuating charge and flexible ABEEM-7P water model, based on which an ion-water interaction potential has been constructed. The mean force and the potential of mean force for LiCl and NaCl in water, the charge distributions, as well as the structural and dynamical properties of contact ion pair dissociation have been investigated. The results are reasonable and informative. For LiCl ion pair in water, the solvent-separated ion pair configurations are more stable than contact ion pair configurations. The calculated PMF for NaCl in water indicates that contact ion pair and solvent-separated ion pair configurations are of comparable stability.     

Boyd Group Electronegativity Influence on the Parr Global Electrophilicity of Vilsmeier Reagent‐Derived Imidates: New Insights toward Improving Mitsunobu Chemistry

Reactivities of 19 methylated imidate analogs were examined using B3LYP and M06‐2X DFT methods. The resulting HOMO and LUMO energies of each optimized structure were used to calculate corresponding Parr global electrophilicity (ω) values. When the resulting quantities were compared against Boyd group electronegativity (X_G) values, a clear correlation was observed, suggesting that electron‐withdrawing effects influence the reactivity of imidates. These findings represent an important first step in developing a novel method toward improving traditional Mitsunobu functionalization reactions.     

One‐, two‐, and three‐electron bonding: An “in vitro” theoretical study using noninteger nuclear charges evidences the crucial role of electronegativity in the strength of symmetrical bonds

Fictitious hydrogen atoms H*_A of variable nuclear charge 0.5 ≤ Z_A ≤ 2 (and thus of variable electronegativity) are used to study the intrinsic dependency of chemical bonding on electronegativity. Dissociation energy and equilibrium distance are reported for symmetrical 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐electron H*_AH*_A systems and 2‐electron dissymmetrical H*_A‐H ones. Dealing with symmetrical systems, the strongest two‐electron bonds are found for Z_A ≈ 1.2. Oneelectron and three‐electron strongest bonds occur respectively with low (ca. 0.7) and high (ca. 1.7) Z_A values and can become stronger than the corresponding 2‐electron system. Comparison with data on real systems leads to conclude that electronegativity is a prevailing atomic property in the control of the dissociation energy of symmetrical 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐electron bonds. A simplified mathematical model at Hartree‐Fock or Heitler‐London level with a minimal basis set reproduces these trends semi‐quantitatively and provides the overall shape of the dissociation curves. Finally some points are qualitatively discussed from MO analysis, which emphasize the dependence of the bonding/antibonding properties on the nucleus charge Z_A and their occupancy number. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

价电子均衡电负性及其应用

We take the contribution of all valence electrons into consideration and propose a new valence electrons equilibration method to calculate the equalized electronegativity including molec-ular electronegativity, group electronegativity, and atomic charge. The ionization potential of alkanes and mono-substituted alkanes, the chemical shift of ¹H NMR, and the gas phase proton affinity of aliphatic amines, alcohols, and ethers were estimated. All the expressions have good correlations. Moreover, the Sanderson method and Bratsch method were modified on the basis of the valence electrons equilibration theory. The modified Sanderson method and modified Bratsch method are more effective than their original methods to estimate these properties.     

Electronegativity equalization method: parameterization and validation for organic molecules using the Merz-Kollman-Singh charge distribution scheme

The electronegativity equalization method (EEM) was developed by Mortier et al. as a semiempirical method based on the density-functional theory. After parameterization, in which EEM parameters A(i), B(i), and adjusting factor kappa are obtained, this approach can be used for calculation of average electronegativity and charge distribution in a molecule. The aim of this work is to perform the EEM parameterization using the Merz-Kollman-Singh (MK) charge distribution scheme obtained from B3LYP/6-31G* and HF/6-31G* calculations. To achieve this goal, we selected a set of 380 organic molecules from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and used the methodology, which was recently successfully applied to EEM parameterization to calculate the HF/STO-3G Mulliken charges on large sets of molecules. In the case of B3LYP/6-31G* MK charges, we have improved the EEM parameters for already parameterized elements, specifically C, H, N, O, and F. Moreover, EEM parameters for S, Br, Cl, and Zn, which have not as yet been parameterized for this level of theory and basis set, we also developed. In the case of HF/6-31G* MK charges, we have developed the EEM parameters for C, H, N, O, S, Br, Cl, F, and Zn that have not been parameterized for this level of theory and basis set so far. The obtained EEM parameters were verified by a previously developed validation procedure and used for the charge calculation on a different set of 116 organic molecules from the CSD. The calculated EEM charges are in a very good agreement with the quantum mechanically obtained ab initio charges.     

原子电性作用矢量用于吡喃糖化学位移计算

从分子二维拓扑结构出发,借助原子电性作用矢量(AEIV)描述原子所处分子微观化学环境,对54种吡喃单糖中共338个等价共振碳原子进行表征并以此建立起用于模拟单糖分子¹³C NMR化学位移三参数多元线性回归方程,所得模型复相关系数为R_cum=0.969 6. 为检验该模型对外部样本集预测能力,采用留一法(LOO)作交互校验(CV)检测,其复相关系数为Q_cum=0.968 7.     

原子电性作用矢量用于呋喃糖核磁共振碳谱化学位移计算

从分子二维拓扑结构出发, 借助用于描述原子所处分子微观化学环境的原子电性作用矢量(Atomic Elementary Electronegativity Interaction Vector, AEIV)对25种呋喃单糖中共计148个等价共振碳原子进行了表征,并以此建立起用于模拟单糖分子¹³C NMR化学位移的两参数多元线性回归方程, 所得模型的复相关系数R_cum、交叉检验Q_LOO及均方根误差RMS分别达到0.907、0.901和6.757,并采用对半划分样本集交叉验证的方法来测试模型的稳定性能和预测能力. 结果表明AEIV能够很好的模拟糖类物质¹³C化学位移值.      

取代基效应对脂肪醇13C NMR化学位移的影响

用原子电负性、静电作用、极化度作为基本参数,并结合表征原子空间连接方式的立体效应参数,对醇分子中不同环境碳原子的化学位移进行关联, 将120个模型化合物(91个脂肪一元醇, 29个二元醇)中747个碳原子相关参数值和化学位移值带入模型中得到如下估算方程:  δ_C=42.947 9 + 63.064 0Q_i-3.628 6F+5.121 3Σα_x-6.584 8Q_iΣα_x -4.842 7N^α_H-0.585 5N^γ_H-4.104 6N^γ_OH (R=0.998 1 R²=0.996 1 S=1.14 F=27 125.2 n=747)  方程中各参数物理意义比较明确. 通过用“留一法”(LOO)检验(R_cv=0.998 0,R²_cv = 0.996 0,S_cv=1.16)及对样本外5个化合物69个碳原子化学位移的预测值和实验值比较, 结果表明模型方程具有很好的稳定性和预测精度, 该模型的提出为以后计算更加复杂化合物的¹³C NMR化学位移奠定了良好的基础.     

分子ABEEM电荷分布的图形表示

利用Matlab软件编写程序, 将基于密度泛函理论和电负性均衡原理发展的原子-键电负性均衡方法σ-π模型(ABEEM σ-π)计算的电荷分布, 特别是键电荷和孤对电子的电荷分布, 用图形表现出来, 对分子的电荷分布给出直观形象的认识, 并以腺嘌呤、腺嘌呤脱氧核苷酸以及丙烯与氯化氢的马氏亲电加成反应为例, 进行应用说明.